Geography of Morocco
Morocco is the northwesternmost country which spans from the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean on the north and the west respectively, into large mountainous areas in the interior, to the Sahara desert in the far south. Morocco is a Northern African country, located in the extreme northwest of Africa on the edge of continental Europe. The Strait of Gibraltar separates Spain from Morocco with a 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) span of water. Morocco borders the North Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the western Mediterranean Sea to the north, and has borders with Algeria and disputed Western Sahara.
The terrain of Morocco is largely mountainous. The Atlas Mountains stretch from the central north to the southwest. It expands to about 1,350 kilometres (840 mi) and is the dorsal spine of the country. To the north of the Atlas Mountains, there are the Rif Mountains, a chain that makes part of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Andalusia, Spain. The massive range expands to about 250 kilometres (160 mi) from Tangier in the west to Nador eastward.
In the west of the country, along the Atlantic coast, the Moroccan Plateau stretches from Tangier to essaouira and get inward to Saiss Plains near Fes and Tansift-Alhaouz near Marrakech. These vast plains promotes fertile agricultural lands and support 15% of the local economy.
In the extreme southeast of the country, the lands are arid due to their proximity to the Sahara Desert. Palm trees oasis are developed in many regions, notably in Figuig and Zagora.
Geography statistics
[edit]Coordinates: 32°00′N 5°00′W / 32.000°N 5.000°W
Area:
total:
446,550 km²
land:
446,302 km² (or 712,200 km²)
water:
250 km²
Area – comparative: Morocco is slightly larger than California; slightly larger than Newfoundland and Labrador; slightly more than half the size of New South Wales province of Australia; slightly less than twice the size of the United Kingdom.
Land boundaries:
total:
2,018.9 km
border countries:
Algeria 1 559 km, Western Sahara 444 km, Spain (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Spain (Melilla) 9.6 km
Coastline: 1835 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea:
12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
Contiguous zone:
24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
Exclusive economic zone:
575,230 km2 (222,100 sq mi) with 200 nmi (370.4 km)
Continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate
[edit]
Morocco's climate can be divided into two parts: The northwest and the southeast. In the southeast, the climate is arid and poorly populated. The northwest has a mild climate, and 95% of the Moroccan population lives in these regions.
The largely populated areas of the northwest of the country mostly have a Mediterranean climate, but since the country is heavily mountainous, continental and alpine influence is evident, as well as the oceanic influence along the Atlantic coastline. And finally, the semi-arid lands, that cover few regions in the northeast, the central-south, and the southwest.
Along the Mediterranean coast, the climate is typically Mediterranean and supports all types of typical Mediterranean vegetation. The summers are moderately hot and the winters are mild. Further away from the coast, into the Rif Mountain range, the climate starts to become more continental in character, with colder winters and hotter summers. At elevations above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), the climate is alpine with warm summers and cold winters. Rainfall is much higher on the west side than it is on the east side. The average annual precipitation is between 600 and 1,500 mm (24 and 59 in), and 300 and 700 mm (12 and 28 in) respectively. Snow is abundant at higher elevations.
- Typical Mediterranean climate cities: Tangier, Tétouan, Al Hoceima, Nador
- Typical continental-influenced cities: Chefchaouen, Issaguen, Targuist, Taza
- Typical alpine-influenced cities: Bab Berred
Along the Atlantic coast, the climate is the Mediterranean with oceanic influence. The imprint of the oceanic climate differs along the coastline from region to region. It is generally presented from Asilah to Essaouira. The summers are warm to moderately hot, and winters are cooler than on the Mediterranean coast. Further away from the coastal lands, into the Atlas Mountain range, the climate starts to become more continental in character, with colder winters and hotter summers. At elevations above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), the climate is typically alpine, with warm summers and cold winters. Rainfall is generally high. The average annual precipitations is between 500 and 1,800 mm (20 and 71 in) on the north, but as you move southward, the average drops by about 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in). Snow is abundant at higher elevations. There are two ski stations, one in the middle-Atlas Mischliffen, and the other in the High-Atlas Oukaïmeden.
- Typical oceanic-influenced cities: Rabat, Casablanca, Essaouira, Larache
- Typical continental-influenced cities: Fès, Meknès, Khenifra, Beni Mellal
- Typical alpine-influenced cities: Ifrane, Azrou, Midelt, Imouzzer Kandar
The southern regions of the northwest are semi-arid. Rainfall is lower, and is between 250 and 350 mm (9.8 and 13.8 in) annually. Although temperature ranges generally do not change in comparison with the upper provinces, a slight increase in high averages is not to be dismissed. Largely due to the lower latitudes where they fall.
Typical cities with such climate are Agadir and Marrakesh.
| Climate data for Casablanca (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.1 (88.0) |
29.4 (84.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
36.6 (97.9) |
37.8 (100.0) |
40.1 (104.2) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.5 (104.9) |
36.6 (97.9) |
34.7 (94.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
40.5 (104.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.3 (63.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.6 (67.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.8 (78.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 64.4 (2.54) |
54.7 (2.15) |
36.6 (1.44) |
31.8 (1.25) |
13.1 (0.52) |
3.0 (0.12) |
0.9 (0.04) |
0.5 (0.02) |
9.8 (0.39) |
37.0 (1.46) |
76.8 (3.02) |
69.7 (2.74) |
398.3 (15.68) |
| Average rainy days | 9 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 72 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 83 | 82 | 80 | 79 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 84 | 82 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 203.0 | 200.0 | 246.8 | 269.4 | 305.4 | 296.0 | 305.1 | 297.2 | 263.1 | 240.8 | 208.0 | 195.2 | 3,030 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[1] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Pogoda.ru.net (humidity, rain days and extremes)[2] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Fez (Fès–Saïs Airport), altitude: 579 m (1,900 ft) 1981–2010 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.0 (77.0) |
30.5 (86.9) |
33.3 (91.9) |
37.0 (98.6) |
40.8 (105.4) |
44.0 (111.2) |
46.7 (116.1) |
44.4 (111.9) |
41.7 (107.1) |
37.5 (99.5) |
31.2 (88.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
46.7 (116.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.4 (59.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
25.0 (77.0) |
30.4 (86.7) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
30.3 (86.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
13.9 (57.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
4.5 (40.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
5.1 (41.2) |
10.2 (50.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −8.2 (17.2) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.9 (40.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 55.7 (2.19) |
55.8 (2.20) |
52.3 (2.06) |
57.2 (2.25) |
33.9 (1.33) |
10.6 (0.42) |
1.0 (0.04) |
4.5 (0.18) |
18.9 (0.74) |
50.1 (1.97) |
61.2 (2.41) |
69.2 (2.72) |
470.4 (18.52) |
| Average rainy days | 12.1 | 13.2 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 10.2 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 9.1 | 12.7 | 12.1 | 109.8 |
| Average snowy days | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 210.6 | 201.1 | 244.0 | 246.5 | 278.0 | 315.0 | 338.0 | 320.4 | 382.5 | 245.5 | 205.2 | 199.8 | 3,186.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 60 | 55 | 58 | 62 | 64 | 71 | 79 | 77 | 75 | 64 | 60 | 60 | 65 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[3] NOAA (precipitation days 1961–1990)[4] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meoweather.com,[5] Voodoo skies for extremes[6] Weather Atlas[7] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Marrakesh, Morocco (Menara International Airport) 1981–2010, extremes 1900–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) |
34.3 (93.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
39.6 (103.3) |
44.4 (111.9) |
46.9 (116.4) |
49.6 (121.3) |
48.6 (119.5) |
44.8 (112.6) |
38.7 (101.7) |
35.2 (95.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
49.6 (121.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.6 (97.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
27.9 (82.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.2 (54.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
25.1 (77.2) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.4 (50.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.3 (27.9) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
0.4 (32.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
6.0 (42.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 29.5 (1.16) |
29.6 (1.17) |
36.6 (1.44) |
24.4 (0.96) |
10.5 (0.41) |
4.0 (0.16) |
2.3 (0.09) |
2.7 (0.11) |
9.7 (0.38) |
17.5 (0.69) |
28.7 (1.13) |
24.6 (0.97) |
220.3 (8.67) |
| Average precipitation days | 7.6 | 6.8 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 4.8 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 58.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 65 | 66 | 61 | 60 | 58 | 55 | 47 | 47 | 52 | 59 | 62 | 65 | 58 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 230.1 | 216.5 | 252.8 | 270.2 | 303.1 | 359.7 | 330.4 | 315.1 | 268.8 | 251.5 | 228.9 | 226.6 | 3,253.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 71 | 68 | 67 | 65 | 66 | 75 | 77 | 78 | 73 | 72 | 65 | 71 | 71 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[8] NOAA (precipitation days 1961–1990),[9] Weather Atlas (percent sunshine) [10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (record highs for February, April, May, September and November, and humidity),[11] Meteo Climat (record highs and record lows for June, July and August only)[12] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ouarzazate (1981–2010, extremes 1941–1963 and 1965–present)[a] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.6 (79.9) |
29.8 (85.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.8 (94.6) |
39.2 (102.6) |
43.6 (110.5) |
43.4 (110.1) |
44.0 (111.2) |
43.2 (109.8) |
34.9 (94.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
44.0 (111.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
29.8 (85.6) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.1 (98.8) |
32.8 (91.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
26.9 (80.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.4 (48.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
27.1 (80.8) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.4 (50.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) |
4.8 (40.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.5 (52.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.7 (71.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
3.3 (37.9) |
12.3 (54.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
3.6 (38.5) |
7.6 (45.7) |
13.0 (55.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 8.6 (0.34) |
18.4 (0.72) |
13.5 (0.53) |
7.0 (0.28) |
4.9 (0.19) |
6.7 (0.26) |
3.0 (0.12) |
9.6 (0.38) |
11.3 (0.44) |
15.2 (0.60) |
10.1 (0.40) |
12.7 (0.50) |
120.9 (4.76) |
| Average precipitation days | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 2.4 | 32.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 54 | 46 | 42 | 38 | 33 | 27 | 22 | 27 | 34 | 42 | 61 | 64 | 41 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 261.8 | 251.5 | 291.7 | 317.8 | 343.2 | 336.7 | 316.3 | 294.9 | 273.2 | 273.1 | 256.5 | 250.3 | 3,467 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[13] NOAA (precipitation days 1961–1990)[14] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (record highs for February, May, July, August, and November, record lows, and humidity)[15] Meteo Climat (all other record highs and record lows for June, July, September and October only)[16] | |||||||||||||
Climate change
[edit]Climate change is expected to significantly impact Morocco on multiple dimensions, similar to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. As a coastal country with hot and arid climates, environmental impacts from climate change are likely to be wide and varied. Analysis of these environmental changes on the economy of Morocco are expected to create challenges at all levels of the economy. The main effects will be felt in the agricultural systems and fisheries which employ half of the population, and account for 14% of GDP. In addition, because 60% of the population and most of the industrial activity are on the coast, sea level rise is a major threat to key economic forces. Morocco’s average temperatures have increased by 0.2 °C per decade since the 1960s.[17] Morocco is particularly susceptible to heat waves, droughts and floods.[17][18]
Morocco ratified the Paris Agreement in 2015. Its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) aimed at reducing its greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) by 17% by 2030 compared to business-as-usual (BAU), with the possibility of a reduction of 32% conditional on receiving international support.[17] In June 2021, Morocco submitted an updated NDC with more ambitious targets: reduce GHGs by 18.3% by 2030 compared to BAU, with a reduction of 45.5% conditional on receiving international support.[19][20] Morocco’s contribution to global GHGs is very small (about 0.18%) and majority of GHGs come from the energy sector.[19] As of the 2023 Climate Change Performance Index, Morocco was ranked seventh in preparedness for climate change.[21]
As of 2020, Morocco has been hit with unseasonal heatwaves [22] [23]
Physical geography
[edit]
The northern coast and interior are mountainous with large areas of bordering plateaus, intermontane valleys, and rich coastal plains. The northern mountains are geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes.
Morocco occupies a strategic location along the Strait of Gibraltar, the waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean.
Elevation extremes:
Lowest point:
Sebkha Tah −55 m
Highest point:
Toubkal mountain 4,165 m
Longest river: Draa River (1,100 km)
Land use and natural resources
[edit]Natural resources: Phosphates, Iron ore, Manganese, Lead, Zinc, Fish, Salt
Land use:
Arable land:
17.5%
Permanent crops:
2.9%
Permanent pastures:
47.1%
Forests:
11.5%
Other:
21.61% (2011)
Irrigated land: 14,850 km² (2004)
Total renewable water resources: 29 km3 (2011)
Natural hazards: periodic droughts
Environment
[edit]Ecoregions
[edit]- Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
- Mediterranean woodlands and forests
- Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets
Freshwater ecoregions
[edit]Marine ecoregions
[edit]Current environmental issues
[edit]Land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters.
International environmental agreements
[edit]Morocco is party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution (MARPOL 73/78), Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
Environmental Modification
Extreme points
[edit]This is a list of the extreme points of Morocco, the points that are farther north, east or west than any other location.
- Northernmost point – Pointe Leona,[24] Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region
- Easternmost point – unnamed point on the border with Algeria immediately east of the town of Iche, Oriental region
- Westernmost point – the point at which the border with Western Sahara enters the Atlantic Ocean, Guelmim-Oued Noun region
- Note: Morocco does not have a southernmost point, its southern border with Western Sahara following latitude 27° 40′ north.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The record highs and lows are based on the Deutscher Wetterdienst link for the period 1941–1963 while records beyond 1965 come from the Meteo Climat link. As a result, the most extreme values from either source are used.
References
[edit]- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- ^ "Climate Averages for Casablanca" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 15 October 2016.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- ^ "Fes–Sais Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- ^ "Weather history for Fez, Figuig, Morocco : Fez average weather by month". Meoweather.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ "Voodoo Skies - Fes Monthly Temperature weather history". October 6, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06.
- ^ "Fes, Morocco - Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- ^ "Marrakech (Marrakesh) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
- ^ "Marrakesh, Morocco - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Marrakech / Marokko" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
- ^ "Station Menara" (in French). Météo Climat. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- ^ "Ouarzazate Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Ouarzazate / Marokko" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- ^ "Station Ouarzazate" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- ^ a b c "CHAPTER 7: Climate Change and Development in Morocco", Morocco’s Quest for Stronger and Inclusive Growth, International Monetary Fund, 9 October 2023, ISBN 979-8-4002-2540-6, retrieved 2023-11-04
- ^ Philip, S.; Kew, S.; Vautard, R.; Vahlberg, M.; Singh, R.; Driouech, F.; Lguensat, R.; Barnes, C.; Otto, F. (2023-05-05). Extreme April heat in Spain, Portugal, Morocco & Algeria almost impossible without climate change (Report). doi:10.25561/103833. hdl:10044/1/103833.
- ^ a b "Morocco Submits Enhanced NDC, Raising Ambition to 45.5 Percent by 2030 |". ndcpartnership.org. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
- ^ "Nationally Determined Contribution - Updated". unfccc.int. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
- ^ "Ranking | Climate Change Performance Index". 2022-11-14. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
- ^ "Morocco swelters in a record heatwave".
- ^ "Morocco to Experience Heatwave Until Wednesday".
- ^ "Geographical Names: Pointe Leona, Morocco". Retrieved 29 April 2021.
External links
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- European Digital Archive on the Soil Maps of the world Soil Maps of Morocco
- CIA Factbook: Morocco